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--- intelligent_beehives:bee_research_brussels [2015/02/05 15:27] – [honeybee ecology : relations to the environment] ami
+++ intelligent_beehives:bee_research_brussels [2017/07/22 14:10] (current) – [bee diseases & natural varroa solutions] ami
@@ Line 478: / Line 478: @@
 Imidacloprid nu is een agonist van acetylcholine. Dat wil zeggen: een stof die zich in dit geval gedraagt zoals de neurotransmitter. De poort gaat dus open en de bedoeling, in dit geval, is dat ze onomkeerbaar openblijft. De cel is dan uitgeschakeld. Veel wetenschappers gaan ervan uit dat daarvoor minstens een tiental ppb nodig zijn. Eén ppb is gelijk aan het miljardste deel van een gram! In nectar en stuifmeel wordt zelden meer dan 3 à 4  ppb imidacloprid gemeten. Die concentratie zou te laag zijn om de poort gesloten te houden. Dat is de reden, stellen die wetenschappers, dat op het terrein geen sterfte wordt waargenomen. In labo's wordt het aantal ppb vaak opgedreven tot 15 en meer. Daarvan gaan de cel en de bij onvermijdelijk dood. Elke laboratoriumstudie vermeldt de gebruikte concentraties. Dat is dus gemakkelijk verifieerbaar.
 Ik lees dat en tracht het te begrijpen. Dit is beslist geen pleidooi voor neonicotinoïden, ik wel alleen maar nuanceren. Als imkers hebben we er belang bij te weten waarover we spreken, emoties zijn daarbij niet nuttig. Dit gaat ook enkel maar over wat er wellicht in de bijen gebeurt. Over schade aan het milieu en andere dieren kan ik niets zeggen. Ik besef echter wel dat ook de vorige generaties pesticiden voor het milieu slecht waren, wellicht nog slechter zelfs.
+[[http://www.country-guide.ca/2014/11/12/the-science-of-how-neonicotinoids-work/45124/|The science of how neonicotinoids work]]
+{{:bee:dna-strand-neonicotinoids.jpg?400x257|}}
+Neonicotinoids, like many of our insecticides, are neurotoxins that go after the central nervous system. We often refer to the nervous system as an organism’s wiring, but its workings are a lot more complicated because all physiological actions must take place at low temperatures that won’t damage the surrounding proteins. Any electrician will tell you that continuous wiring doesn’t always do that for you.
+[[http://www.country-guide.ca/2015/02/13/a-crop-diagnostic-lab-on-a-microchip/45826/|A crop diagnostic lab on a microchip]]
+Scientists took a long look at lab procedures and developed glass or silicon chips that could perform the same tasks at the micro level. Micro samples of any liquid were drawn down the tiny channels, many of them thinner than a human hair, and then the samples were run through the electrical fields generated within the chip. The chip could then collect the data and perform the analysis.
+This is a game changer. Routine analysis can now be done on the spot with a device that a lay operator can use. Taking the lab out of the loop saves huge amounts of time by doing most of the routine procedures on the spot. Now the lab can be better used to take on more complex problems.
 =====honeybee ecology : relations to the environment=====
@@ Line 571: / Line 581: @@
 [[http://www.niagarabeeway.com/bio-control-for-varroa-mite.html|bio control for varroa mite by the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus]]
 zie ook [[http://www.beesource.com/forums/showthread.php?278433-Stratiolaelaps-A-bug-to-Fight-Varroa|Stratiolaelaps-A-bug-to-Fight-Varroa]]
+[[https://de-de.facebook.com/Beenature-Project-209480922590650/|beenature - straetiolaelaps scorpion]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1zdancXRDg|scorpion in action in this Vimeo movie]]
 /02/2014: Fom Betty Schiel: This guy did studies on an insekt that is eating up the varoa mite!! I go to a talk of him today.  It is pretty exciting because these little animals used to live in the hives but cannot anymore because of beekeepers hygene and new hives.
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 {{:bee:anti-varroa.pdf|Effective Biological Varroa mite Treatment}}
 [[http://beetime.eu/innovation-effective-biological-varroa-mite-treatment|effective-biological-varroa-mite-treatment]]
+[[http://wp.unil.ch/engellab/research/|Gut microbiota of honey bees]]
+Our lab studies functional and evolutionary aspects of microbial symbiosis in animal guts. Specifically, we focus on the gut microbiota of honey bees. We want to address general questions of gut microbiology and understand the role of the microbiota for bee health.
+Gut microbial communities are important determinants of animal and human health. Their complex composition displays a formidable challenge for studying microbiota-host interactions in the gut. Simple model systems can assist the discovery of general principles of gut microbiology relevant to human health. The honey bee represents such a model, because its gut microbiota is composed of a small number of bacterial species, which are experimentally amenable.
+These bacteria have neither been found in the environment nor in related solitary bee species. However, in the gut of adult honey bees, they are consistently present and highly abundant. This suggests that these bacteria have long-standing evolutionary associations with their host and likely play important symbiotic roles. Characterization of the interactions between microbiota and host will contribute to a better understanding of factors influencing bee health. This is of broad interest due to the ecological and economical importance of honey bees and the recently reported bee population declines.
 =====bee information: websites, movies etc.=====