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--- bee_material [2015/07/31 11:41] – [organic printing] ami
+++ bee_material [2016/01/13 17:48] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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+=====beeswax=====
+The word wax describes a large variety of substances of plant and animal origin, as well as man-made products, which are mostly petroleum derivatives. Natural waxes are not single substances, but a mixture of various long-chain fatty acids and a variety of other constituents, depending on their origin. Wax from the honeybee has an extremely wide spectrum of useful applications and occupies a very special position among waxes.
+For centuries, beeswax was appreciated as the best material for making candles. The wrappings of Egyptian mummies contained beeswax and beeswax has long found use in medicinal practices and in creams and lotions. Of all the primary bee products it has been, and remains, the most versatile and most widely used material.
+**Physical characteristics of beeswax** : Virgin beeswax, immediately after being secreted, elaborated and formed into comb, is white. It becomes darker with use inside the hive as pollen, silk and larval debris are inadvertently incorporated.
+The melting point of beeswax is not constant since the composition varies slightly with its origin. Various pharmacopoeias give a range of 61-66C or more commonly, 62-65 C. Its relative density at 15 C is 0.958 – 0.970 g/cm3 and its electrical resistance ranges from 5×1012 to 20×1012 Ohm m. Its thermal conductivity coefficient is 2.5 x d10-3 Jcm/s°Ccm2. The saponification value of beeswax is 85-100.
+Beeswax is an inert material with high plasticity at a relatively low temperature (around 32 C). Beeswax is also insoluble in water and resistant to many acids, but is soluble in most organic solvents such as ether, benzine, benzol, chloroform, and turpentine oil and after warming, in alcohol and fatty oils. Ghedda waxes from the Asian honeybee species are described as softer and more plastic. The melting point of wax from three Meliponid (stingless bee) species ranged between 64.6 and 66.5 C.
+https://cleveland.ces.ncsu.edu/beeswax/
+\\
+=====resources for preparing and studying pollen=====
+http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjul99/pollen.html
+http://www.microbehunter.com/making-mounts-of-pollen-grains/
+{{:bee_products:pollenpreparation.pdf|pollen preparation}}
+{{:bee_products:pollenanalyse.pdf|pollen analysis}}
+\\
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-=====files voor 3D Wax Comb and Structures=====
+=====3D Wax Comb and Structures=====
 {{gallery>:bee_products:waxed_objects2}}
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+=====chitin - chitosan=====
+chitin facts: http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/chitin.aspx
+{{:bee-material:chitin-chitosan.pdf|}}
+\\
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-=====exploring the emerging field of materials science=====
-Explore new materials and imagine future scenarios.
-\\