UrbanBeeLab

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=====THE CHITIN EXPERIMENT=====
=====0. abstract=====
Bee colonies are threatened in all industrialized nations. Given that the survival of bees is crucial for human sustainability, there is a great urgency to improve by all means the ways in which colonies could thrive.
In 2009 I founded the [[http://urbanbeelab.okno.be|Brussels Urban Bee laboratory]], the place of action for a group of artists, scientists and technologists to observe bee colonies in non intrusive set-ups and a vehicle to raise public awareness via art installations, workshops and performances.
The Guerilla Beehive is one of the art/science projects run by the lab. It proposes a shelter for swarming bee colonies: a biomimetic design that is 3D-printed with Chitin forthcoming from the bees' exosceleton.
The shelter supports (urban) bee colonies in their roles as pollinators and caretakers of biodiversity rather than as honey producers. In this project, bees, humans and plants - are working together to assure a sound basis for the further development of our ecosystem. 

{{:made_eu:guerillabeehive_4sides_web.jpg?700x231|the Guerilla Beehive concept}}
//scale model of the Guerilla Beehive//

=====1. the question=====
Can we print a beehive with chitin forthcoming from the bees exosceleton?

=====2. background research=====
**What is Chitin?**
Chitin is a naturally renewable source, non-toxic, non-allergenic, anti-microbial and biodegradable.
It is found in the exosceleton of arthropods, the invertebrates animals amongst which the insects and the species Apis mellifera (Principles of Insect Physiology - docu: pdf in bees-folder).

**Chemistry of Chitin?**
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of an N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world. It is a characteristic component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radulae of molluscs, and the beaks and internal shells of cephalopods, including squid and octopuses. The structure of chitin is comparable to the polysaccharide cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. In terms of function, it may be compared to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved versatile for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purposes.
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin|wikipedia-Chitin]]
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitosan|wikipedia - Chitosan]]

Chitin is a polysaccharide , a type of carbohydrate that has a basic structure of a repeating chain of sugar molecules. Chitin is analogous in structure to cellulose, the compound that provides structural support to plant tissues.
Chitin does not work alone in forming exoskeletons. It is associated with a number of proteins, including an elastic, rubberlike substance called resilin. The identity and nature of these proteins determines whether the exoskeleton will be rigid, like a beetle's shell, or soft and flexible like the joints of a crab leg. Chitin also associates with nonprotein compounds, such as the calcium carbonate that is part of the shells of crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.
[[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/chitin.aspx|Chitin facts]]

**What are the properties of Chitin and how can it be extracted?**
- The tough shell protects from dessication , or dehydration
- It is an effective protection against some predators
{{:chitin:chitin-chitosan.pdf|Chitin Extraction from Crustacean Shells}}

Chitosan is a biological product with cationic (positive electrical charge) properties. It is of great interest, all the more so because most polysaccharides of the same types are neutral or negatively charged. By controlling the molecular weight, the degree of deacetylation and purity, it is possible to produce a broad range of chitosans and derivatives that can be used for industrial, dietary, cosmetic and biomedical purposes. Together these properties have led to the development of hundreds of applications so far. 
There are plethora of literature, books and conference proceedings that documented the multiple uses of the chitosan4. It is out of the scope of this article to describe extensively every applications of chitosan. We will concentrate on the major uses of chitosan and the most promising future applications. Applications of chitosan can be classified mainly in 3 categories according to the requirement on the purity of the chitosan:
•	Technical grade for agriculture and water treatment
•	Pure grade for the food and cosmetics industries
•	Ultra-pure grade for biopharmaceutical uses
[[http://www.plasticstrends.net/index.php/last-months-mainmenu-28/12-versatile-and-multiplatform-biomolecules|chitin]]

**Is research done on 3D-printing with Chitin?**
{{:chitin:water-based_robotic_fabrication.pdf|Water-based robotic fabrication: large scale additive manufacturing}}
[[http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/144/manufacturing-a-solution-to-planetclogging-plastics-|chitin 3D printing]]
[[https://spark.autodesk.com/BiofriendlyAMpt3|additive manufacturing with o.a. Chitosan]]
[[https://jbioleng.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13036-015-0001-4|computer aided tissue engineering]]: recent 3D bioprinting techniques
[[http://matter.media.mit.edu/tools/details/mechanic-biomaterials-deposition#prettyPhoto|mechanic biomaterials deposition]]
[[http://matter.media.mit.edu/environments/details/water-based-digital-fabrication-platform|MIT - mediated matter]]



=====3. hypothesis=====
Will the bee colony tolerate Chitin as a constructing material or will they destroy it (= eat it)?
=====4. the experiment=====
  * Make a selection of bio materials to work with: Paper, Kombucha skin, Bioplastic, Chitin. All of these bio materials have different constituents and the goal is to see which materials are nibbled on by the bees, and which materials they don't touch and thus are solid enough for construction.
  * Design a small, identical object and produce it in all of the selected materials. The size of the object should respect the thickness of the wall of a bee shelter, and a surface big enough to be able to check the behaviour of the bee colony over a timespan of 3 weeks minimum. Ideal would be a cube of 100mm x 100mm x 20mm.
  * Introduce the 4 objects (hang them from top bars) in a super of the beehive.
  * Run the experiment in the apiatry on the rooftop in Brussels - 
  * Conditions:
      * Run the experiment in 2 different hives (a Kempische hive and a Warré hive) next to each other
      * Timeframe of the experiment is 3 weeks minimum.
      * Time of the year is 'end of summer' (food sources are scarce)
      * We will not give extra food to the bees
      * We keep track of T° and humidity values as well inside the beehives as outside in the apiary on the rooftop


=====5. analysis of the data=====

=====6. conclusion=====


=====7. additional research=====
  * [[http://www.asianscientist.com/2016/05/features/ten-materials-inspired-mother-nature-biomimicry-ali-miserez-ntu/|asian scientist: other materials inspired by nature]] : spider silk, silkworm silk, insect wings for tissue engineering, mussel adhesion glue, butterfly wing solarcells, flexible snake eggs, ...
  * https://www.facebook.com/materiability/